Comprehensive Castor Oil Report

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The Existing Markets and Applications for Castor Oil and Castor Oil Derivatives

• Castor oil manufacturing is similar to that of other oil seeds and hence the oil can be manufactured utilizing the existing equipments that are locally available. The castor seeds contain about 48 to 50 percent oil by weight, and the extracted castor oil can be further processed to derive a number of derivatives, currently used in numerous industrial applications.
• India has exported a record high of nearly 400000 tonnes of castor oil in 2010 as a result of heavy demands from importers abroad.
• During 2011, oil export has fallen significantly due to high cost of raw material and reduced imports from countries like China and USA.
• India is the largest producer of castor seeds in the world with China and Brazil being the next two. It exports about 15,000 T of castor seeds per year
• India contributes about 1.5 million tons of castor seed with and over 500,000 tons of castor oil to the world total production during 2011-12. The annual domestic consumption of castor oil in India is only about 120,000-140,000 tons in the same period. Of this, the soap industry consumes about 25,000 tons, the paint and allied industries 35,000 tons and the lubricant and derivatives industry 20,000 tons.
• The global market for generation II castor oil derivatives is estimated at about $300 million. For generation III derivatives, where half of the generation II derivatives are converted, the estimated market worth is close to $350 million.
• Paint industries greatly rely on resins derived from castor oil to occupy 20% of total domestic consumption in India. Cosmetics, perfumeries and rubeer & plastic units consume it equally and castor oil driven chemical derivatives help them to manufacture diverse personal care items and bio-polymers etc. As pharmaceutical and others like biofuel units currently produce only limited goods with castor oil, they occupy least share in domestic usage of this industrial oil.
• While castor oil is popular in itself, its various derivatives and their unique properties and consequent applications make castor oil even more important in the plant and vegetable oils hierarchy.
• While castor oil by itself is used in diverse applications, chemical derivatives of castor oil find further uses in industrial applications and their domains of use are increasing rapidly.
• Like other vegetable oils and animal fats, castor oil is a triglyceride, which chemically is a glycerol molecule with each of its three hydroxyl group esterified with a long chain fatty acid. Apart from ricinoleic acid, the other fatty acids present are linoleic (4.2%), oleic (3.0%), stearic (1%), palmitic (1%), di-hydroxystearic acid (0.7%), linolenic acid (0.3%), and eicosanoic acid (0.3%).
• By the end of 2009, global demand for sebacic acid was around 140,000 metric tonnes per annum
• European Union imports over 1,00,000 tons of castor oil annually, and almost all its imports are from India.
• Fuerst Day Lawson is one of the leading Castor Oil suppliers in Europe with over 40 years experience buying directly from the producers in India, China and Brazil. The company supplies castor oil into Europe and China, selling approximately 40,000 MT per year via storage tanks in Rotterdam and Marseille, and via direct deliveries in flexitanks and drums.
• Because of its higher polar hydroxyl groups, castor oil is not only compatible with but will also plasticize a wide variety of natural and synthetic resins, waxes, polymers and elastomers.
• Castor oil and its derivatives today find major application in soaps, lubricants, grease, hydraulic brake fluids, paints, polymers, perfumery products, surfactants, surface coatings and inks, telecom & engineering plastics, pharma, rubber chemicals, polishes, flypapers, and cosmetic derivatives.
• Companies such as BASF produce plastics from renewable resources which contains about 60 per cent sebacic acid – a derivative of castor oil.
• The world's largest single use of castor oil in one product, outside the lubricants markets, is in the manufacture of polyamide 11 (Nylon 11). The commercially available polyamide made from castor oil is Arkema's (earlier Atofina) Rilsan Nylon 11.
• Some factors to watch out for regarding castor oil prices: (a) Production has increased by over 50% between 2009-2012 and a maximum yield per unit hectare was noticed during 2011-12 (b) World demand for castor oil is increasing @ 3-5 % per annum (c) Export demand expected to increase significantly in future
• The castor oil market price experiences significant volatility. Uncertain oil supply, recent development of substitutes, long storing periods & hoarding are the main reasons for the price fluctuations. In spite of these factors, there is invariably a minimum quantity of this commodity that is consumed annually by advanced countries.
• The most suitable soils for castor are deep, moderately fertile, with slightly acidic conditions, well drained, sandy loams. The fertilizer dose recommended for castor is 40 N-40 P-20 K kg/ha. The minimum rainfall needed by the castor crop is 38-50 cm (15-20 in.) Some of the high yielding castor varieties used in India are NPH-1 (Aruna), GAUCH-4, and TMVCH.
• While castor is an important crop known for its versatility of uses, in many parts of the western world, including the US, the crop is not planted on a large scale. The main reason for this is the ricin, a toxin present in the seed coat. Besides the ricin toxin, there's another compelling reason why this crop has fallen out of favor with growers. The shiny, beetle-shaped seeds contain powerful allergens. People who work with the off-white meal ground from castor beans may develop allergic reactions, such as hives or asthma.
• The crop must have sufficient moisture during its growing period. In Brazil 2,400 cu.m of water is applied during the 3 months between flowering and harvest, with about 400 cu.m being applied at 15 day intervals. Furrow irrigation is preferred, but adoption of sub-irrigation has been found to reduce weed problems
• Castor beans are graded based on moisture content, percentage of cracked and broken seeds, and amount of foreign material. The allowable moisture content is 6 per cent.
• The varieties of castor differ in the branching habits of plant, colour of the stem and branches (red and green), the nature of capsules (smooth or shiny), duration (early or late) and the size of seed.
• Average seed yields range from 900–1000 kg/ha under irrigation, and 500 kg/ha without adequate moisture. Some improved open-pollinated varieties in Brazil yield 1,300 kg/ha, with exceptional yields up to 5,000 kg/ha. Average Indian yields are about 1000 kg/ha. Under exceptional circumstances in the state of Gujarat in India, seed yields of 6000 Kg / hectare have been recorded, but it should be noted that these yields have been registered only for some limited growth areas.
• India exported approximately 3,40,000 tons of castor meal in 2011-2012. About 1,00,000 tons are consumed within the country, in the form of fertilizers and as fuel.

Chapter 1 - Castor Oil Manufacturing

1.1 Key Manufacturing Processes for Castor Oil & Derivatives

1.1.1 Castor Oil Manufacturing Processes - Summary

1.1.2 Castor Oil & Derivatives Manufacturing Processes - Details

1.1.2.1 Castor Oil Extraction - Details

1.1.2.2 Castor Oil Filtration - Details

1.1.2.3 Castor Oil Refining - Details

1.1.2.4 Typical Sections & Sub-sections of Castor Oil Refinery Plants

1.1.2.5 Castor Oil Grades & Derivatives Production

1.2 Indicative Costs for Setting up Small and Medium Scale Castor Oil & Derivatives Manufacturing Plants

Chapter 2 - Castor Oil Market

2.1 The Castor Oil Market

2.2 Supply & Demand of Castor Oil

2.2.1 Castor Oil Supply Data

2.2.2 Demand & Consumption of Castor Oil

2.3 Indian Castor Oil Industry

2.3.1 Castor Oil Exports - Historical Scenario

2.3.2 Castor Oil Exports - Current Scenario

2.3.3 Castor Seed Production & Acreage in India

2.3.4 India-wide Data from Castor Crop Survey

2.3.5 Cropping Season in India

2.3.6 Castor Cultivation & Yields in India - Points

2.4 Demand-Supply Estimates for Castor Oil Derivatives

2.4.1 Current Demand-supply Estimates for the Various Grades of Castor Oil and Derivatives

2.4.2 Future Demand-supply Estimates for the Various Grades of Castor Oil and Derivatives

Chapter 3 - Castor Oil Chemicals & Derivatives

3.1 Properties & Chemical Composition of Castor Oil

3.2 Chemical, Physical Properties & Specifications of Castor Oil Grades & Derivatives

Chapter 4 - Castor Oil Prices

4.1 Historical & Current Price Data for Castor Oil, Castor Seeds

4.2 Castor Oil and Castor Seed Price Volatility

4.3 Factors that Affect Prices

4.4 Castor Oil Futures Market

Chapter 5 - Castor Cultivation

5.1 Castor Crop Sowing

5.2 Castor Crop Growth

5.3 Castor Crop Harvest

5.4 Castor Cultivation Seasons

5.5 Castor Seed Grades & Varieties

5.6 Yields for Castor Seeds and Castor Oil from Seed

5.7 Castor Cultivation FAQ

Chapter 6 - Castor Oil End-uses

6.1 Current End-uses for Castor Oil and Derivatives

6.1.1 End Uses - by Castor Oil Grade / Derivative

6.1.2 Castor Oil & Castor Oil Derivatives Uses - By Industry

6.2 Future Possible End-uses and End User Industries for Castor Oil and Derivatives

6.2.1 Biopolymers and Castor oil

6.2.2 Castor Oil as a Feedstock for Biodiesel

6.2.3 Other Possible Future Uses

Chapter 7 - Castor Seeds

7.1 Castor Seeds Production & Supplies

7.2 Castor Seeds Prices & Trends

7.3 Castor Seeds Packaging & Storing

7.4 Castor Seed Varieties

7.5 Castor Seed Factoids

Chapter 8 - Castor Meal

8.1 Castor Meal Uses

8.2 Castor Meal Composition

8.3 Castor Meal Supply & Demand

8.4 Toxicity in Castor Meal

8.5 Energy Content in Castor Meal

8.6 Castor Meal - Other Points

Chapter 9 - Castor Oil Distribution & Logistics

9.1 Castor Oil Storing & Packaging

9.1.1 Castor Oil Storage

9.1.2 Castor Oil Packaging

9.1.3 Castor Oil Shelf Life

9.2 Castor Oil Transportation & Logistics

9.2.1 Distribution from Farms to Refinery

9.2.2 Transport

9.2.3 Cargo Handling

9.2.4 Density & Volume Expansion

9.2.5 Cargo Securing

9.2.6 Risk Factors & Loss Prevention

Chapter 10 - Prominent Castor Oil Producers

10.1 Producers in India

10.2 Producers in China

10.3 Producers in Brazil

10.4 Other Suppliers